The History of the Green Movement

Kunyange zvazvo sangano rekuchengetedza raive neEurope midzi, vazhinji vanocherechedza vanosimbisa kuti United States yakatanga semutungamiri wenyika mune zvakatipoteredza.

Kana America ikatoti, inofanirwa kurumbidzwa kuburikidza nekufambisa kufamba kwakasvibirira, chii chakaita kuti United States ive yakakosha yekusimudzira zvinhu? Izvi zvinokonzerwa nevakabva kune dzimwe nyika vakauya kunyika yekuNorth America munguva yekoloni uye pamwe nekunaka kwepanyika yenyika yavakawana pavakayambuka Atlantic.

Makore Ekutanga eGreen Movement

America, yega, haina kutora musangano wekupfumisa chero kupfuura iyo yakagadzirwa miti. Nheyo dzemitemo yekusimudza masango, semuenzaniso, aizivikanwa muEurope (kunyanya Germany, France neEngland) kubvira panguva yekare. Mharaunda yekurima muAsia yakagadzirisa kuchengetedza kwevhu kuburikidza nekugara kwekurima uye dzimwe nzira dzekurima dzekurima .

Munyori weChirungu, Thomas Malthus, mubhuku rake rakapfupurwa An Essay pamusoro peChitemo reVanhu , akatya zvikuru muzana remakore rechi18 muEurope achiti kune kuwedzera kwevanhu vazhinji kupfuura miganhu yakagadzikana kunogona kukonzera kukanganisa kwakaipisisa muhuwandu hwevanhu nenzara uye / kana chirwere. Zvinyorwa zveMalthus 'zvinogona kuzivisa zvakawanda nezvemaawa pamusoro pe "kuputika kwevanhu" makore 200 gare gare.

Asi kwaive pashure pekukomberedza kweAmerica neEurope kuti vanyori nevafilosofi vaiva pakati pevokutanga kuratidza kuti murenje rakanga rine kukosha kwemukati kupfuura kubatsira kwavanhu.

Apo kushambadzira, nzvimbo yekuvhima, uye matanda zvaimiririra zvakakosha kumapandukiro, vanyori vakaita saRalph Waldo Emerson naHenry David Thoreau vakarondedzera kuti "muchikara ndiko kuchengetedzwa kwenyika" (Thoreau). Kutenda kwavo kuti zvisikwa zvine chinhu chekunamata chinopfuura kuponesa kwevanhu vakapa varume ava nevateveri vavo zita rokuti "Transcendentalists."

Green Movement uye Industrial Revolution

Izvozvo zvinopfuura zvema 1800s uye kupemberera kwayo kwezvisikwa zvakasvika panguva yekudzvinyirirwa pasi nekuparadzwa kwe Industrial Industrial. Sezvo masango akadzimwa pasi pesimbi yematanda asina maturo, mazimbe akazova shanduko inowanikwa simba. Kushandiswa kusina kushandiswa kwemazi mudzimba uye mafekitari kwakaguma nekusvibiswa kwemhepo kunotyisa mumaguta akaita seLondon, Philadelphia, uye Paris.

Mumakore ekuma1850, mutambo wekuita mabiko ainzi George Gale wakanzwa nezvekukuru kwekuCarwood redwood iyo yaiva nemakore anopfuura 600 apo Jesu akaberekwa. Paakaona muti wakanaka kwazvo, wakatumidzwa zita rokuti Amai weSango, Gale akabhadhara varume kuti vateme muti wacho kuitira kuti maruva awo aonekwe mumativi ake.

Izvo zvaiitika kuna Gale's stunt, zvisinei, zvakakurumidza uye zvakashata: "Mupfungwa dzedu, zvinoratidzika seine utsinye, pfungwa yakakwana, kuderedza muti wakaisvonaka kudaro ... chii munyika chingave chaine chero munhu anofa kuti apinde mu kunyengedza kwakadaro negomo iri rehuni ?, "akanyora mumwe mupepeti.

Kuwedzera kukura kuti mabhizimisi evanhu aiparadza nyika isingasvikiki-uye inokanganisa hutano hwevanhu - yakaguma mukuedza kwekutanga kwekugadzirisa zvisikwa.

Muna 1872, Yellowstone National Park yakasikwa, yekutanga yeiyo yakava imwe yenhau dzeAmerica dzakanakisisa: nhungamiro yemapaki ehurumende ainge asingakwanisi kushandiswa.

Iyo Conservation Movement Inotangira Muti

Sezvo Shanduko yeZvesitiri ichienderera mberi kuparadza dambudziko murenje, kuwedzera kwemhanzi yezwi kwakaridza alarm. Pakati pavo paive naJohn Muir , nyanzvi yeruzivo yeAmerica uye kunaka kwayo kunoshamisa, naTheodore Roosevelt , anonyatsogadzirisa uyo Muir aiva nechokwadi chekuisa parutivi maturakiti makuru erenje kuitira kuchengetedza.

Vamwe varume, zvakadaro, vaiva nemafungiro akasiyana pamusoro pekukosha kwerenje. Gifford Pinchot , uyo akadzidza masango muEurope ndokuva mutsigiri wemasango akachengetedzwa, aimbove ari mubatsiri weMuir nevamwe vari musangano rekuchengetedza. Sezvo Pinchot yakaramba ichitengesa kubviswa kwemasango mhandara ine mhando dzakawanda dzematanda, zvisinei, akawira pasi nehanya nevaya vaitenda mukukosha kwekuchengetedza zvisikwa, pasinei nekushandiswa kwayo kwekutengeserana.

Muir aiva mumwe wevaya vakatsoropodza kutonga kwaPinchot munzvimbo dzomurenje, uye inofarira Muir mukuchengetedzwa kusingapesana nekuchengetedza kwakapa kune izvo zvingangova nhaka yakawanda ya Muir. Muna 1892, Muir nevamwe vakasika Sierra Club, kuti "vaite chimwe chinhu chekusimudzira uye kuita kuti makomo afare."

Mazuva ano Green Green Movement Inotanga

Muzana remakore rechi20, sangano rekuchengetedza rakanga rakafukidzirwa nezviitiko zvakadai seKukuru Kuwedzerwa uye hondo mbiri dzepasi. Hondo pashure peHondo Yenyika II yakaguma - uye kuchinja kwakakurumidza kweNorth America kubva kune dzimwe nyika yezvokurima kusvika kune imwe yezvigadzirwa zvakange zvichifamba zvakanaka - kushambadzira kwemazuva ano kwakasikwa.

America mushure mekushanda kwemabhizimisi akaenderera mberi pakarepo. Zvigumisiro, zvisinei nekushamisika muhupamhi hwavo, zvakavhundutsa vazhinji nehutsinye hwavakaita. Nyukliya yekudonha kuongororwa kweatomic, kusvibiswa kwemhepo kunokonzerwa nemamiriyoni emotokari uye zvinyorwa zvinoputira makemikari mumhepo, kuparadzwa kwemvura ine makungwa nemakungwa (akafanana neAhio Cuyahoga River, iyo yakatora moto yakawanda nekuda kwekusvibiswa), uye kuparara kweminda uye masango pasi pekugadzirwa kwemasango emuguta aiva nehanya kune vagari vemo.

Kupinda mune iyi maelstrom yakava nyanzvi yezvidzidzo, nyanzvi yekudzidza uye munyori. Rachel Carson muna 1962 yakabudiswa, nharo inoparadza pamusoro pekushandisa kusina maturo kwemapirisikiki ayo akanga achiparadza vanhu vazhinji veshiri, zvipembenene, nemamwe mhuka. Bhuku razvino-classic rakapa mazwi kune mamiriyoni eAmerica akaona pfuma yavo chaiyo yefa inopera pamberi pemaziso avo.

Kutevera bhuku raSilent Spring uye mabhuku akaita saPauro Erlich's The Bomb Population , Democratic Presidents John F. Kennedy naLyndon Johnson vakabatana nevamwe vezvematongerwo enyika vakawanda mukuwedzera kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kumapuratifomu avo. Kunyange Republican Richard Nixon akaita hufambira mberi zvakanyanya kune kusanganisira kugadziriswa kwezvakatipoteredza muhutungamiri hwake. Kwete Nixon chete akasika Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), akasainawo National Environmental Policy Act, kana NEPA, iyo yaida kuti kuongororwa kwehutano hwemamiriro ehuwandu hwemahofisi makuru ehurumende.

Uye pamusi weKrisimusi wekutanga muna 1968, NASA astronaut William Anders, achitarisana nemwedzi pamwe neApollo 8 mission, akachera mufananidzo iyo vanhu vazhinji vanobhadhara nekupa nheyo yekufambisa kwemazuva ano. Mifananidzo yake inoratidza duku, pasi rebhuruu Pasi rinotarisa kumusoro kweMwedzi. (Ona kumusoro.) Mufananidzo weplanyika duku, yoga mumhenderekedzo yakakura yegungwa, yakaratidza mabhiriyoni fragility yenyika yedu uye kukosha kwekuchengetedza nekudzivirira pasi.

The Environment Movement uye Earth Day

Akafuridzirwa nemakoropoti uye "kudzidzisa-ins" zvaive zvichiitika munyika yose muma1960, Senator Gaylord Nelson yakaronga muna 1969 kuti kune nyika yose inoratidza kuratidzira kune nzvimbo. Mumashoko aNelson, "Kupindura kwaiva magetsi. Nokudaro akaberekwa chiitiko icho zvino chinozivikanwa seNyika yeZuva .

Musi waApril 22, 1970, kupemberera kwekutanga kwePasi Pasi kwakaitika zuva rakanaka remusika, uye chiitiko chacho chaive kubudirira zvikuru. Mamiriyoni eAmerica ari kumhenderekedzo yegungwa akabatanidzwa mumapurisa, makonkoni, hurukuro uye zvikwata zvakatsaurirwa kuchengetedza nhaka yemhuka yeUnited States nenyika yose.

Muhurukuro zuva iroro, Nelson akati, "Chinangwa chedu ndechekugara kwehutano, hunhu, nekuremekedzana kune zvimwe zvisikwa zvevanhu uye nezvezvisikwa zvipenyu zvose." Zuva rePasi rino rinochengetwa munyika yose uye rava dombo rekugadzirisa zvakatipoteredza kumarudzi maviri eco-activists.

The Environment Movement Inosimbisa

Mwedzi nemakore zvichitevera zuva rekutanga rePasi uye kusikwa kweEPA, sangano rekutsva, uye kugadziriswa kwezvakatipoteredza zvakanyatsosimbiswa mumasangano ega ega uye ehurumende pasi rose. Mutemo unoshamisa wezvakatipoteredza, semutemo wakachena wemvura, weFeral Pesticides Act, Mutemo Wakachena Wemhepo, weMagetsi Ezvisikwa Zvine Mungozi, uye National Scenic Trails Mabasa, zvakasayirwa mumutemo. Aya maitiro ezvematongerwo enyika akabatana nemamwe mapurogiramu ehurumende uye emunharaunda kuti adzivirire zvirimwa.

Asi masangano ese ane vadzivisi vavo, uye kushanduka kwezvakatipoteredza hakusi. Sezvo mitemo yezvakatipoteredza yakatanga kushandiswa munyika yose, vazhinji munharaunda yebhizimisi vakawana kuti mitemo yezvakatipoteredza yaiva nechinetso chakaipa pamusoro pechibvumirano chekutsvaga migodhi, masango, hove, kushandiswa uye zvimwe zvinowedzera uye zvinoshatisa indasitiri.

Muna 1980, apo Republican Ronald Reagan akasarudzwa kuti ave mutungamiri wenyika, kuparadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kwakatanga. Nokugadza vanopesana nemagariro ezvakatipoteredza semusangano weInterior Secretary James Watt uye EPA Mutungamiriri Anne Gorsuch kuhofisi, Reagan neRepublican Party yose yakaratidza kushorwa kwavo kusina kusununguka kwechikwata chemavara.

Kubudirira kwavo kwaiva kwakakwana, zvisinei, uye vose vaWat naGorsuch vakanga vasingadiwi zvachose - kunyange nhengo dzepati yavo - kuti vakabviswa mushure mekushandira nyaya yemwedzi. Asi mitsara yehondo yakanga yatorwa, uye bhizinesi rezvebhizimisi uye Republican Party vanoramba vachirwisana zvakasimba nekudzivirirwa kwezvakatipoteredza izvo zvinotsanangura zvakawanda zvekufamba kwemavara.

Green Movement Nhasi: Science vs Spiritualism

Kufanana nekuwanda kwemagariro ezvematongerwo enyika uye zvematongerwe enyika, sangano rekutsva rakasimbiswa uye rinowanikwa nemasimba anopesana naro. Mushure mokunge James Watt akagadzwa kuti atungamirire Dhipatimendi reNyika, somuenzaniso, nhengo yeSierra Club yakakura kubva 183,000 kusvika 245 000 mumwedzi gumi nembiri chete.

Nhasi, sangano rekutsva rinorondedzerwa uye rinogadziriswa nemurairo wayo wezvinhu zvakadai sekudziya kwepasi uye kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kuchengetedzwa kwemvura, Keystone pipeline, nuclear proliferation, hydraulic fracturing kana "kushungurudza," kushambadzira kwemahombekombe, kupererwa kwemarudzi uye zvimwe zvakakosha zvinokonzerwa nezvakatipoteredza.

Chinosiyanisa kushambadzira kwemavara nhasi kubva pakusangana kwekuchengetedza kwekuchengetedza ndiko kusimbiswa kwesayenzi nekutsvakurudza. Kutaura nemanzwiro ezvomudzimu nekushandisa zvidhori zvechitendero, vanyori vezvakatipoteredza vakadai semu Muir naThureau vakapembererwa zvakasikwa pamusana pekukanganisa kwakanyanya pamanzwiro evanhu nemweya yedu. Apo Hetch Hetchy Valley muCalifornia yakatyisidzirwa nedamu, Muir akadanidzira, "Dhamasiko Hetch Hetchy! Uyewo dongo rematangi emvura makedheni evanhu nemachechi, nokuti temberi isina tsvene yakambove yakatsaurwa nemoyo wemunhu."

Zvino, zvisinei, isu tinonyanya kufanira kudana dhizinesi nedzimwe tsvakurudzo yekuongorora mabhizimisi ekutsigira kuchengetedzwa kwerenje, kana kusasvibisa maindasitiri. Vanyori vezvematongerwe enyika vanotaura nezvebasa revanotsvakurudza pelar uye vanoshandisa makombiyuta emamiriro ekunze ekurwisana kwepasi pose, uye vatsvakurudzi vezvokurapa vanovimba nehutano hwehutano hwevanhu kuti vaite nharo pamusoro pekusvibiswa kwe mercury. Pasinei nokuti nharo idzi dzinobudirira kana kuti dzinokundikana, zvakadaro, zvakadaro hunoenderana nezvakaratidzwa, chido uye kuzvipira kwevanhu vanoita musangano wekupfumisa.