Mumwe wevadzidzisi vezvakatipoteredza vekutanga, John Muir anenge asingazivikanwi nhasi
John Muir aiva mumwe wevanyori vemasayendisiti makuru muAmerica, kana kwete nyika. Zvinyorwa zvake nechisimba zvakafuridzira chizvarwa chevanhu vanochengeteka - kubva kuvatungamiri kuenda kune Boy Scouts - asi iye asingazivikanwi zvikuru nhasi. Ndiani ainzi John Muir, uye akawedzera sei chikonzero chekuchengetedzwa kwakatipoteredza?
Upenyu Hwokutanga hwaJohn Muir
Muir akaberekerwa muDunbar, kuScotland musi waApril 21, 1838, wechitatu wevana vapfumbamwe.
Baba vake, Daniel Muir, vakanga vari varangariri vakatsamwa, vakasimudzira pakudzidzisa vana vavo zvekunamata, uye akanga asingadi kusimbisa simba rake rekushingaira kwebhaibheri nekurohwa nechisimba.
Mhuri yaMuir yakatamira kuAmerica muna 1849, ichigara purazi pedyo nePortage, Wisconsin. Kunyange zvazvo hupenyu hwemhuri yake hwakanga hwakaoma, John Muir akambokwanisa kupedza nguva achiongorora denga rakapoteredza Wisconsin, iro rakaunza maari rudo rwekutanga rwezvisikwa.
Sejaya jaya, Muir akaratidza chipo chisingawanzo chekugadzirwa kwemagetsi, uye akakunda mibairo yakawanda yezvigadzirwa zvake, kusanganisira maawa anovezwa mapuranga akave nemaoko akachengetedza nguva yakarurama uye chigamba chakamubvisa kubva pamubhedha mangwanani.
Akatora kufarira uku mukati mekushanda kwezvinhu, uyewo rudo rwake rwezvisikwa zvenyika, kuYunivhesiti yeWisconsin muna 1860, paakadzidza geology, botani, nhoroondo yezvisikwa nezvimwe nyaya.
Muir akasiya yunivhesiti makore mashomanana gare gare asina chidimbu, uye akatanga kushanda semagetsi mufekitari.
Chiitiko chemabhizimisi muna 1867 chakaita kuti ave bofu mune rimwe ziso; asi zvakamumanikidza, zvisinei, kuti aongororore zvaaida, uye akatsunga kutevera kurota kwake uye kudzidza zvisikwa. "Kutambudzika uku kwandiendesa kumunda unotapira. Mwari anofanira kutitema isu dzimwe nguva, kuti atidzidzise zvidzidzo," akanyora zvakare.
Muchechi weMuir's wandenda haagoni kuve nyore, uye akabva kuGreat Lakes munzvimbo muna 1867, achienda kumaodzanyemba kuGulf yeMexico, kusvika kuCuba, iye zvino kumavirazuva ndokupinda munyika iyo yakazova musha wake wemuviri uye wemweya: California.
Muir muCalifornia
Muir akafamba kubva kuSan Francisco kuenda kuJosemite Valley muna 1868, uye nzvimbo inonakidza yakave yakakonzera hukama hwepedyo hwechitendero mumurume wechidiki akaora mwoyo: "Tiri iye zvino mumakomo uye vari mukati medu, kushingaira kwekutsamwa, kugadzira mitsipa yese, nekuzadza pore yose uye sero redu, "akadaro John Muir akakurumbira.
Muir akagara muJosemite kwemakore anoverengeka, achiongorora nzvimbo, achidzidza geology yake uye hupenyu hwekurima, nekunyora mumakorodhe emagazini pamusoro pekuti makomo emakomo akamuvhiringidza sei pakunamata. Zvizhinji zvezvinyorwa izvi zvakabudiswa muEast Coast magazini seAlantic Monthly naHarper , vachiwana Muir mamwe mukurumbira semasayendisiti we backwoods uye muzivi.
Vazhinji vanozivikanwa veEasterners vakauya kumavirira kuzoona California; pakati pavo aiva Theodore Roosevelt naRalph Waldo Emerson, avo vaMuir vakada zvikuru. Varume vaviri ava vakafuridzirwa zvikuru neMuir, uye Roosevelt akazosimbisa Yosemite sepaki yepasitadhi, tichida zvikuru muna Muir.
Muna 1880, Muir akaroora Louie Wanda Strenzel uye akagara pamunda wezvibereko muMartinez, pedyo neSan Francisco Bay. Nokufamba kwenguva, vaviri vacho vaiva nevanasikana vaviri, uye furazi yakanga iri kubudirira zvakakwana kubvumira Muir kutora marwendo akawanda kudzokera kumakomo eSierravada neAvada aida zvikuru.
Muir uye Conservation Movement
Achishandisa zvinyorwa zvake, Muir akatungamira chizvarwa chevatungamiri vezvematongerwo enyika uye vagari venyika kuti varemekedze nekuchengeta dzimba dzeAmerica murenje. Asi akanga asingatyi kuita hondo panzvimbo yezvakasikwa: kunyange zvazvo akanga ari mutsigiri wepakutanga weGifford Pinchot , nyanzvi yemasango uye muchengeti wezvokuchengetedza, akavhara nyanga nePinchot pamusoro pokushandiswa kwakanakisisa kwerenje.
Pinchot akatsigira kuti zvinhu zvive zvakanaka, asi Muir akaona zvakakosha pakusiya zvinhu zvakasikwa uye nekukoshesa renje nekuda kwemweya. Nokufamba kwenguva, Muir akatsamwa kuparadzaniswa nePinchot uye haana kutarisa shure.
Muna 1892, Muir akabatana neSierra Club, kukurudzira vanhu kuti "vaite chimwe chinhu chekusimudza uye kuita kuti makomo afare." Muir akashanda semutungamiri wekambani kwehupenyu hwake hwose; iyo Sierra Club yakakura ikava imwe yemasangano emasimba ezvemamiriro okunze munyika.
John Muir uye Hetch Hetchy
Imwe yehondo yekupedzisira yekuchengetedza yaMuir yakanga iri pamusoro peHetch Hetchy, mupata wakakosha sa Yosemite. Vatungamiri veMuguta muSan Francisco vakatsvaga kudzura mupata uye kugadzira mvura yekuwedzera kwevanhu vanogara Bay Area. Muir akadanidzira, "Dhamasiko Hetch Hetchy! Zvakare dongo remvura-matangi makedheni evanhu nemachechi, nokuti temberi isina tsvene yakambove yakatsaurwa nemoyo wemunhu."
Mushure mekurwa kwenguva refu uye nesimba, muna 1913 sarudzo yakagadzirirwa kudzika mupata, iyo yakaparadza Muir. "Zvakaoma kutakura," Muir akazonyora. "Kuparadzwa kwemasango anoyevedza uye minda, yakanakisisa muCalifornia yose, inoenda pamwoyo wangu."
Muir akafa gore rimwe gare paaishanyira mwanasikana wake muLos Angeles. Mukuwedzera kune mazana ezvinyorwa uye mabhuku akawanda akanyora, nhaka ya Muir inonyanya kunzwa mumurenje nguva dzose aifunga nezveimba yake. Zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinochengetedza - kusanganisira Muir Woods pedyo neSan Francisco, Gomo Muir muSierra Nevada range, John Muir Trail uye John Muir Wilderness - vanotumidzwa mukukudza munhu uyo akazvipira hupenyu hwake kuchengetedza zvisikwa pasi rose.