Anonyanya kuchengetedza zvinhu, Teddy Roosevelt akauraya mhuka nezviuru
Theodore Roosevelt ane hupenyu hunofadza hunofanana nehukuru hwake kupfuura hupenyu. Muongorori weNobel Peace Prize-mutungamiri weUnited States aive mubatsiri werenje, asi iye aivewo akakurumbira semuvhimi mukuru. Ndiani akanga ari Teddy Roosevelt, uye anofanirwa kuzivikanwa semudzidzisi wezvakatipoteredza here?
Theodore Roosevelt: Upenyu Hwekutanga
Akazvarwa munaOctober 27, 1858, muhupenyu hwepfuma uye neropafadzo, Roosevelt aiva mwana wechipiri mumhuri yakakurumbira yeNew York City.
Utano hwakashata, nhamo, nhamo, wakamutambudza kwehupenyu hwake hwakawanda; semwana, Roosevelt akatambura nechirwere uye zvimwe zvirwere zvakawanda. Pasinei neizvi, akakurudzirwa kuti ave sechinhu chinogona kuita, uye akatora "upenyu hunotyisa" senzira yekurwisana nemigumisiro yekurwara.
Mudzidzi anonyanya kuda, Roosevelt akapedza kudzidza kubva kuHarvard College muna 1880 uye akaroora nguva pfupi mushure mekunge. Asi njodzi yakawira musi waFebruary 14, 1884 - mudzimai wake wechidiki uye amai vake vaanoda vakafa mumaawa mashoma. Akaparadzwa Roosevelt akanyora mubhuku rake remabhuku, "chiedza chakabuda muupenyu hwangu." Kunyange zvazvo akanga achishanda mune zvematongerwe enyika muNew York, akasiya basa rake rezvematongerwo enyika uye mhuri yake kuti iende kuBadlands muDadota Territory uye inotevera hupenyu hwemombe dzakakodzwa.
Makore ake maviri muDotota Territory akadzidzisa Roosevelt kutasva, tambo nekuvhima, uye akaisa mukati make rudo rwekunze. Ichando chakakura muna 1886-87, zvisinei, akaparadza zvipfuwo zvake, uye Roosevelt akadzokera kuNew York kuzopindazve mune zvematongerwo enyika.
Theodore Roosevelt: The Political Life
Muna 1886, Roosevelt akawana zvakare uye akatanga kushanyira Benjamin Harrison. Mushure mokunge asarudzwa kusarudzwa, Harrison akabatwa Roosevelt kutungamirira US Civil Service Commission, kwaakaita kuti ave nomukurumbira wake semuvengi ane simba wezvematongerwe enyika. Akaunza kushingaira kumwechete kwekushandura kusvika muna 1895 chinyorwa chake semutungamiriri weNew York City Board of Police Commissioners; mapurisa aizivikanwe kuva mugadziri wehuori, asi Roosevelt akatora chikwata chekugadzirisa simba, kunyange kufamba achirohwa nemapurisa.
Mukurumbira waRoosevelt semutungamiri akangwara uye mutungamiri wezvematongerwe enyika - pamwe nemararamiro ake munhoroondo yevashandi vehondo - akamupa nzvimbo seMubatsiri Munyori weNavy muna 1897. Apo hondo yeSpain-America yakatanga gore rimwe gare gare, Roosevelt (uyo ane utsinye vakatsigira hondo) vakaenda kuCuba uye vakapindira mune mamwe mapurogiramu anozivikanwa ehondo, kusanganisira kutora Sani Juan Hill neuto rake re "Rough Riders."
Iye zvino gamba rechiuto, Roosevelt akakunda zvachose sarudzo yeGavhuna yeNew York State. Kunyangwe kufarira kwake mukuchengetedza kwakamuita iye anoyemura vazhinji - akadzora kushandiswa kwemapapiro sekushongedza kwekufuka kuitira kuti kudzivisa kuurayiwa kwe shiri - kushingaira kwake kusingagadziri-rushuva kwakamuita iye sevavengi vakawanda seshamwari. Kuti abvise iye, akakurudzirwa kubva kuNew York uye kushandira sevamiriri vemutungamiri naWilliam McKinley. Mushure mokukunda sarudzo ye1900, izwi raRoosevelt sevhini-mutungamiriri wenyika rakapfupiswa apo McKinley akaurayiwa gore rakatevera, uye Roosevelt, 43, akava munhu muduku pane vose akambotora Oval Office.
Mutungamiri Theodore Roosevelt
Kugara kwake kweWhite House hakuna chakaita kuti kutsamwa kwaRoosevelt kuve kuchinja. Akawana mukurumbira se "trust buster" asingatyi kutora zvinyorwa zvinyorwa zvemunzvimbo kuti atadze simba risina kudzivirirwa.
Akashandisa "pulppit" yake yekunyadzisa kutsigira mitemo yakadai sekuvandudzwa kwehutano nekuchengetedzwa kwezvokuchengetedza nyama yekugadzira michero uye zvimwe zvekudya nemishonga. Akanga achishandawo mune dzimwe nyika, achikunda Nobel Peace Prize muna 1905 pakuputira kupera kuRussia-Japanese War.
Asi zvichida mupiro wake mukuru uye unogara kwenguva refu semutungamiri wenyika aisimudzira maitiro ezvinyorwa zvekuchengetedza kwemvura muAmerica. Panyaya iyi, Roosevelt akatungamirirwa nevasayendisiti vepakutanga saJohn Muir . "Kuchengetedzwa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa ndiro dambudziko guru," Roosevelt akambotaura. "Kana tisingakwanisi kugadzirisa dambudziko iro zvichatibatsira zvishoma kuti tigadzirise vamwe vose."
Kuti apedzisire, Roosevelt akatanga purogiramu yekuchengeteka kwerenje iyo yakanga isingashamisi. Akachengetedza maekare makumi maviri nemakumi maviri-makumi maviri ehurukuro yeCalinias pamwe chete nzvimbo yeOhio - semapaki emarudzi, masango enyika, mitambo yakachengetedzwa, zvivako zvenyika uye zvimwe zvekuchengetedzwa kwemagetsi.
Akasimbisa Forest Service uye akagadza mukurumbira wekuchengetedza Gifford Pinchot semusoro wayo.
Wakanga ari Theodore Roosevelt an Environmentalist?
Kutevera nguva yake yekushanda, Roosevelt - akamboshamisika-akatanga musasa mukuru weAfrica nemamwe vanhu vakawanda. Chikamu chesayenzi yekufambisa mari inobhadharwa ne Smithsonian Institution uye pamwe chikamu chikuru chekunze kunze, safarari chakabatwa kana kupfura mhuka 11 000, kubva kunezvipembenene uye makomera kune nzou, mavubu uye nhanhatu dzisina kuchena machena.
Mazuva ano vanyori vezvakatipoteredza vanogona kutyisidzira kuurayiwa kukuru, asi Roosevelt mitsva huru yemitambo yakanga yakanyatsogadzikana nemafungiro emunguva yake. (Kunyange ikozvino, vatsva nevabati vehove ndivo vari pakati pevanyori vanonyanya kutaura uye vanoshanda zvekuchengetedzwa kwenzvimbo.)
Akayera muyeri pamwe nekubudirira kwake mukuchengetedzwa kwenyika uye kugadzirisa kuchengetedza kunonyanya kukosha kwenyika, nhaka yaRoosevelt semhare yemasayendisiti anosimudzira. "Ini ndinogona kutongerwa mhosva," akazotaura nezve safaris yake, "kana chete kuvepo kweNational Museum, American Museum of Natural History, uye mamwe masangano ezvimwe zvezvakagadzirwa zvezvinhu zvekudenga anofanira kutongerwa."
Utano hwakashata hwakaramba huri kutambudza Roosevelt mumakore ake akazotevera, zvichienderana nechikamu chekuedza kuurayiwa muna 1912 (akatakura bundu mubhokisi rake kwehupenyu hwake hwose) uye chirwere chakakomba chaakatora mugore ra1914 South American rafting rwendo . Roosevelt akafa muhope dzake muna 1919 ava nemakore makumi matanhatu. Mumwe wezvematongerwe enyika wenguva yacho akati, "Rufu rwaifanira kutora Roosevelt kurara, nokuti dai akanga amuka, pakanga pane kurwa."