Zvisikwa zvakasikwa zvakange zviri chinhu chakakosha chehondo sezvo dombo rokutanga rakakandwa nemuvakidzani wokutanga wamapako. Mauto eRoma yekare neAsiriya, kuzoita kuti nyika yose ive yavo, inonzi yakadyara munyu mumunda wevavengi vavo, ichiita kuti ivhu risabatsire mukurima - kushandiswa kwemauto ekurwisa kwehondo, uye chimwe chezvinhu zvakashata zvakashata zvakatipoteredza yehondo.
Asi nhoroondo inopawo zvidzidzo muhondo ye-eco-sensitive. Bhaibheri, muna Dhuteronomi 20:19, rinogara ruoko rwemurwi kuti kuderedze kushandiswa kwehondo kune zvisikwa uye varume zvakafanana:
Kana iwe ukakomba guta kwenguva refu, uchirwa naro, kuti urikunde, haufaniri kuparadza miti yaro nokuivhomora demo pamusoro pavo; nekuti iwe unogona kudya kwavari, iwe haufaniri kudziparadza. Nekuti muti womunda uripo here, kuti ugare wakakombwa nemwi?
Hondo uye Zvakatipoteredza: Takave Tiri Lucky Saka Kure
Hondo inoparadzaniswa nhasi, hongu, uye yakapararira zvinokonzera zvakatipoteredza zvinogara kwenguva refu. "Unyanzvi hwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu hwakashanduka, uye zvinogona kuitika zvekombiyuta zvakasiyana kwazvo," akadaro Carl Bruch, mutungamiri mukuru wemapurogiramu epasi rose pa Environmental Environmental Institute muWashington, DC
Bruch, uyo ariwo mubatanisi weThe Environmental Consequences of War: Legal, Economic, uye Scientific Perspectives , anoti nyanzvi yemakemikari, yezvigadzirwa zvehupenyu neye nyukliya ine hondo inogona kukonzera kusagadzikana kwepakati pemagariro ezvo, nerufaro, tisina kuona - zvakadaro.
"Ichi chinhu chinotyisa," akadaro Bruch.
Asi mune dzimwe nguva, zvombo zvakajeka uye kumwe kumwe kufambira mberi kwekwenyika kunogona kudzivirira zvakatipoteredza kuburikidza nekutarisa zvivako zvinokosha, zvichisiya zvimwe nzvimbo zvisingatauriki. "Iwe unogona kuita nharo kuti zvombo izvi zvinokwanisa kuderedza kukuvara kwezvinhu zvakashata," akadaro Geoffrey Dabelko, mutungamiriri we Environmental Environmental and Security Programme paWatchrow Wilson Center yeVadzidzi muWashington, DC
NdezveMunharaunda: Impact War War Today
Hondo nhasi inowanzoitikawo pakati pemarudzi akazvimiririra; kazhinji, kurwisana kwehondo kunoparadzanisa pakati pemapoka akwikwidzana mukati meimwe nyika. Aya mauto ehurumende anowanikwa munzvimbo ino, maererano neBruch, anowanzowedzera kusvibiswa kwematongerwo enyika nemitemo yemutemo. "Kupopotedzana kwemukati kunoonekwa senhau yehuchangamire - nyaya yepakati," akadaro. Somugumisiro, kukanganisa kwezvakatipoteredza, kufanana nekukanganiswa kwekodzero dzevanhu, kunoitika kusinganzwiki nemasangano kunze.
Kunyange zvazvo kudzivirira, kukwikwidza zvombo, uye hondo yakasununguka zvinopesana zvinoshamisa nenharaunda uye nezvombo zvakashandiswa, zvinokonzerwa nehondo pane zvakatipoteredza zvinowanzowira mune zvinotevera zvikamu zvakakura:
Nzvimbo Yokuparadzwa: Zvichida muenzaniso wakakurumbira wekugara kwekugara kwakaitika munguva yeHondo yeVietnam apo mauto eUnited States akachera mishonga yakasvibiswa seAgent Orange pamasango nemakwenzi emangrove aive akavhara varwi vehondo. Anofungidzirwa makirogironi makumi maviri emakiromita ayo aishandiswa, achideredza anenge 4.5 mamiriyoni ehekeri emaruwa. Dzimwe nzvimbo dzisingatarisirwi kuti dzidzoke kwemakumi emakore anoverengeka.
Vapoteri: Apo hondo inokonzera kufamba kwevanhu, zvinokonzerwa nemamiriro ezvinhu zvinogona kuva nengozi.
Kupararira kwemvura, kusango kusatsvaga, kusvina kwevhu uye kusvibiswa kwenyika uye mvura nehutu hwevanhu hunoitika apo zviuru zvevanhu zvinomanikidzwa kugara munzvimbo itsva. Panguva yehondo yeRwanda muna 1994, zvizhinji zveAkagera National Park yakavhurwa kune vapoteri; semugumisiro, vanhu vemunharaunda yezvipfuwo vakaita seanorin antelope uye eland yakazopera.
Zvisikwa zvinoshamisika: Ngarava dzehondo, ngoro dzemotokari, uye matori anowanzoendesa zvinopfuura varwi nemumumhanzi; asiri zvizvarwa zvekuberekwa nemhuka zvinogonawo kutasva pamwe chete, kupinda munzvimbo itsva nekudzima zvizvarwa zvenyika mukugadzirisa. Chitsuwa che Laysan muGungwa rePacific chaimbova musha kune zvisikwa zvisingawanzoviki nemhuka, asi kufamba kwehondo munguva uye pashure peHondo Yenyika II yakaisa mapeti akazodzima kuputika kwe Laysan finch uye Laysan rail, pamwe nekuunza sandbur, inopisa simira iyo mapoka evanhu vanobva kunze kwebendgrass yekuzvarwa iyo shiri dzomunharaunda dzinovimba nedzimba.
Zvivako Zvakakonzera Collapse: Pakati pezvinangwa zvekutanga uye zvinotambudzwa zvekurwisana muhondo yehondo kune migwagwa yevavengi, mabhiriji, zvishandiso uye zvimwe zvivakovheni. Kunyange zvazvo izvi zvisingaiti chikamu chezvisikwa zvechisikigo, kuparadzwa kwemiti inoshandiswa kwemvura yakasviba, somuenzaniso, kunonyadzisa zvakanyanya mvura yemunharaunda. Mumakore ekuma1991 kurwisana muCroatia, makemikari ekugadzira zvigadzirwa zvakaputirwa bhomba; nokuti mishonga yekurapa kwemakemikari yakaderera yakanga isiri kushanda, chepfu dzakabuda mumvura dzisati dzavharwa kusvikira hondo yapera.
Kuwedzera Kwekugadzirwa Kwezvinhu: Kunyange munzvimbo dzisina kukanganisa zvakananga nehondo, kuwedzera kwekugadzirwa kwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, zvekurima uye dzimwe mishonga inotsigira hondo inogona kukanganisa kukanganisa kwezvakasikwa. Munguva yeHondo Yenyika I, yaimbova nzvimbo dzekurenje yeUnited States yakasimwa gorosi, makotoni nezvimwe zvirimwa, asi miti yakakura yematanda yakanga yakajeka-yakatemwa kuti iwane nguva yehondo yezvigadzirwa zvemiti. Matanda muLiberia, mafuta kuSudan uye madhaimani muSierra Leone zvose zvinoshandiswa nemauto ehondo. "Izvi zvinopa ruzivo rwemari inoshandiswa kutenga zvombo," akadaro Bruch.
Nyika Yakatsvaira Zviito: Kuparadzwa kwenyika yekwavo ndeye nguva-inoremekedzwa, kunyange inotyisa, tsika yehondo. Izwi rokuti "kupisa nyika" pakutanga raishandiswa pakupisa zvirimwa uye zvivako zvinogona kufudza uye kudzivirira muvengi, asi iko zvino zvinoshandiswa kune imwe nzira inoparadza zvakatipoteredza. Kuti zviparadze mauto eJapan aipinda munguva yeHondo yechipiri yeSino-Japanese (1937-1945), zviremera zveChinese zvakashandura kubata pamusoro peMupata weJapan, kunyura mamiriyoni emauto eJapan - nezviuru zvevanhu vekuChinese, asiwo mafashamo emamiriyoni emakiromita masere .
Kuchechera nekushambadzira: Kana hondo ichikwira mumudumbu wayo, sezvinowanzoti, kudyisa hondo kazhinji kunoda kusvuta mhuka dzomunharaunda, kunyanya zvipfuwo zviduku zvinowanzova zvishoma nezvishoma zvekuberekwa. Muhondo inoramba ichienderera kuSudan, vaparidzi vachitsvaga nyama yevarwi uye vanhu vemazuva ose vakatambudza mhuka dzesango muGaramba National Park, mhiri kumucheto muDemocratic Republic of Congo.
Pane imwe nguva, nhamba yenzou yakakwira kubva 22,000 kusvika ku5 000, uye paingova nemakore gumi nemashanu chete akabuda ari mupenyu.
Biological, Chimiro, uye Nyukliya Weapons: Kubudisa, kuongorora, kutakura uye kushandiswa kwezvombo izvi zvakapfurikidza zvichida ndicho chinonyangadza zvinokonzera hondo kune zvakatipoteredza. Kunyange zvazvo kushandiswa kwavo kwave kusinganyanyi kukosha kubvira pakaputika bongo reJapan neuto reUnited States pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II, vatsvakurwi vechiuto vane hanya zvikuru pamusoro pekupararira kwezvinhu zvenyukireya uye makemikari uye zvombo zvezvisikwa. "Tanga tine nhamo zvikuru kuti hatina kuona kuparadzwa kwatingaona," akadaro Bruch.
Vatsvakurudzi vanotaura nezvekushandiswa kwekusimba uranium (DU) seimwe inonyanya kuipa zvehondo. DU inobatanidza uranium-enrichment process. Inenge kaviri kana yakaoma semutungamiri, inokosha muzvombo zvekugona kwayo kupinda tank zvombo uye zvimwe zvidziviriro. Anofungidzirwa matani 320 eBU akashandiswa muGulf War muna 1991; kunze kwekusvibiswa kwevhu, nyanzvi dzinonetseka kuti masoja nevashuga vangangodaro vakananga kune huwandu hunotyisa hwechigadzirwa.
Maonero Ezvakakonzera Njodzi Anotungamirira Kuhondo
Kunyange zvazvo migumisiro yehondo pane zvakatipoteredza inogona kuve yakajeka, izvo zvisiri pachena zvakajeka iyo nzira iyo kukuvara kwezvakatipoteredza pachayo inotungamirira kumakakatanwa. Nhengo dziri munyika dzakashata-dzakashata dzakadai dzeaAfrica, Mideast, uye Southeast Asia dzakagara dzichishandisa simba rehondo kuti riwane pfuma; vane zvishoma zvingasarudzwa.
Bruch anotsanangura kuti kana hondo inotanga, masoja uye vanhu vari pasi pekukomba vanofanira kuwana mamiriro ekurumidza ezvokudya, mvura, uye pokugara, saka vanomanikidzwa kuchinja mafungiro avo kune nguva pfupi, kwete kwenguva refu.
Izvo zvido zvenguva pfupi zvinokonzera kushungurudza kwakaipisisa kwemakakatanwa, kuteverwa nevanhu vanozadzisa zvido zvavo zvishoma nenzira dzisingaverengeki, zvichiunza kushaiwa uye kuora mwoyo, izvo zvino zvinotungamirira kune dzimwe kupesana. "Imwe yezvinetso zvakakosha ndeyokuputsa mararamiro iwayo," Bruch akati.
Ihondo Inogona Kudzivirira Zvinhu Here?
Icho chinoratidzika se-counter-intuitive, asi vamwe vakataura kuti kukakavadzana kwehondo kunowanzoguma nekuchengetedza nzvimbo yakasikwa. "Icho chimwe chezvinhu zvakawanikwa zvinopesana zvachose nezvinodiwa," akadaro Jurgen Brauer, Ph.D., purofesa wezvematongerwo enyika kuAugusta State University muAugusta, Ga. "Nzvimbo yakachengetedzwa zvikuru muKorea yose inharaunda yakaderedzwa nokuti iwe kubviswa kwevanhu. "
Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vakaona kuti pasinei nehuwandu hwekushandiswa kwearbicide munguva yeHondo yeVietnam, mamwe masango akange arasikirwa munyika iyo kubvira pakapera hondo kupfuura panguva iyo, nemhaka yekutengeserana kwemagare uye yeVietnam vachitsvaka kubudirira. Maenga ematasha-madenga akonzerwa nemoto weKoiti waiitwa muna 1991 wakapa uchapupu hunoshamisa hwehutano hwehupenyu hwemhuka. Zvisinei, izvi zvinopisa motokari mumwedzi mumwe chete iyo yakawanda yemafuta anopiswa neUnited States mune rimwe zuva.
"Rugare runogona kukuvadza, zvakare," akadaro Dabelko. "Une zvimwe zvezvinhu izvi zvinoshamisa."
Asi nyanzvi dzinokurumidza kusimbisa kuti iyi haisi mhirizhonga mukuda kwehondo. "Hondo haisi yakanaka kune zvakatipoteredza," anowedzera Brauer, uyo ariwo munyori weHondo neChirwo: Maitiro Ezvakakonzera Hondo muNyika Yenyika .
Uye Bruch anotaura kuti hondo ine nguva inononoka kukuvadzwa kwezvakatipoteredza kwemabasa evanhu vane rugare uye zvekutengeserana. "Icho chinogona kupa ruremekedzo, asi kwenguva yakareba migumisiro yehondo haisi yakasiyana nezvinoitika pasi pekugadzirwa kwebhizimisi," akadaro.
Kukunda Rugare
Sezvo kuronga kwechiuto kuchinjwa, zvinova pachena kuti zvakatipoteredza zvino zvinoita basa guru mukurwisana kubudirira, kunyanya mushure mokunge hondo yakaguma. "Pakupera kwezuva, kana uri kuedza kugara mune imwe nzvimbo, une chido chakasimba chokuti usazviparadza," anodaro Dabelko. Izvo zvakataurwa pamusoro pebhaibheri kubva kuna Dheuteronomio pamusoro pekuchengetedza miti, zvichida, mazano akanaka kwemazera.
Uye vamwe varwi vari kudzidza kuti pane zvakawanda zvinowanikwa pakuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza kunze kwekuzviparadza. MuMozambique yakabvamburwa nehondo, avo vaimbova varwi vehondo vakashandira pamwe kushanda pamwe chete semapurani epaki vachichengetedza mhuka dzesango uye nzvimbo dzepanyika dzavakamboedza kuparadza.
"Izvo zvakavaka mabhiriji pakati pevarwi uye basa repaki, rakashanda," Bruch akati. "Zvigadzirwa zvepanyama zvinogona kuva zvakakosha pakupa mabasa uye mikana mumashure emakakatanwa."