Ichokwadi pamusoro pevhu uye kuchengetedza ivhu
Ivhu riri pasi petsoka dzako rinokosha pakupona kwehupenyu pasi pano, asi ivhu rinoramba riri chakavanzika chakakwana kuvanhu vazhinji.
Chii ivhu? Mhinduro yacho yakaoma zvikuru kupfuura iwe unogona kufunga. Mhepo haisi kungova-brown-gray muck. Icho chiri chipenyu, ichifema uye-usati wavigwa mairi-iwe unofanira kunge uchida kuziva zvishoma nezvayo.
Asi kuwana chokwadi pamusoro pevhu hakusi kungoita zvidzidzo zvekudzidza: Nokuda kwekukura kwevhu, ivhu rinonyangarika pamwero unotyisa pasi pose, uye haisi kutorwa.
Pasina iyo, hupenyu huri pamusoro penyika ino huchava huchikwanisika.
Chokwadi Pamusoro pevhu
Denga musanganiswa wakaoma wezvinhu zvina zvinokosha: mvura, mhepo, granular matombo nemaminerari, uye zvisikwa zvipenyu zvinobudirira mukati mevhu, uyewo miviri yavo inora.
Dombo rakaputsika uye rakasvibiswa nemaminera mune imwe nzvimbo yevhu pane dzimwe nguva inonzi "ivhu". Mubereki wevhu ane zvinhu zvinoita kuti aone kuti acidic kana alkali iri (inonzi ivhu ndiro pH).
Izvi zvinogona kuva zvakakosha mukufunga nezvekurima nekurimwa, nekuti mamwe mbeu (azaleas uye rhododendrons, somuenzaniso) inosarudza ivhu rakaoma, asi vamwe (semuenzaniso, cherries uye maples) vanoda dongo rakawanda.
Sanduru, Sira, Clay uye Humus
Apo masayendisiti achitaura nezvevhu, vanowanzotaura nezve "purogiramu yevhu" kana kuti "mutsara," rudzi rwevhu rakafanana neimwe nzvimbo.
Mhepo yakatsetseka inowedzera kutsanangurwa nemiganhu yavo yevhu, kana zvidimbu: Mhepo yakakwirira yevhu inoratidzika pasi uye inosanganisira miti yemararamiro uye nenyaya yemiti isati yasara.
Nzvimbo dzakadzika dzevhu (dzinogona kuva dzakawanda munharaunda imwe yenzvimbo yevhu) inowanzooma uye yakajeka muvara kupfuura yepamusoro-soro; nzvimbo dzakadzika dzinewo zvinhu zvishoma zvishoma nezvehupenyu pane zviduku zvakakwirira.
Mhepo yakatsetseka uye ivhu revhu rinopesana nekuwanda kwejecha, silt uye ivhu zvavari. Kunze kwezvimwe nguva matombo nemarombo, jecha ndiro zviyo zvakakura zvikuru zvebasa rakasimba riri muvhu; zvinyoro zvinyorwa zviduku. Clay inokosha nekuti inobatsira ivhu kuchengetedza mvura nemuviri. Mhepo ine chikero chakanaka chejecha, silt uye ivhu rinonzi "loam," uye rinowanzoonekwa sevhu rakanakisisa yekurima.
Humus ndiyo yakagadzikana yezvinhu zvakasikwa muvhu, uye inokosha kukosha kwemiti yemichero. Humus inobatsirawo ivhu rekuchengetedza mvura uye kudzivisa zvirwere zvirwere. Kompositi ndeye imwe nzvimbo ye humus, sezvinongoita kuora kwemaitiro emashizha emashizha, mbeu dzakasikirwa nemhuka uye madonhwe emhuka.
Mhepo Ibenyu
Zvichida chikamu chakanyanya kufadza chevhu ndechezvipenyu zvayo. Masayendisiti achangotanga kunzwisisa pfungwa-yakaoma kunzwisisa kwemakiromita, fungi, nematodes, mite, zvipembenene nemamwe mhuka zvinogona kungovapo muvhu.
"Masayendisiti anoshandisa nzira itsva dzekuongorora pamusoro pemakore gumi apfuura akawana kuti gungwa renyika yepasi ndeimwe yezvivako zvedu zvakakura zvezvisikwa zvipenyu.Iine inenge chikamu chetatu chezvisikwa zvose zvipenyu," rinodaro New York Times, "asi 1 chete chikamu chemakiromita ayo akave akaonekwa, uye ukama huri pakati pehupenyu huzhinji hupenyu [huno] husanzwisiswa. "
Rimwe teaspoon duku yevhu inogona kuva nemabhirioni emakiromita - anosanganisira mamwe marudzi 5 000 - pamwe nezviuru zvezvimwe zvezvimwe zvinhu zvipenyu, kubva kumavirusi uye protozoa kune pasiworms uye termites.
Uye zvose zvayo zvinotyisidzirwa.
Nei Kuchengetedza Kwevhu Kunokosha?
Zvichida musayendisiti anotungamira ivhu uye muchengeti wekuchengetedza ivhu achiri mupenyu nhasi Ronald Amundson, sachigaro weDhipatimendi reScience Science paYunivhesiti yeCalifornia kuBerkeley.
Muna 2003, Amundson ndiye munyori anotungamirira mushumo unobudisa kuderera kwemhando dzevhu kune iyo North America continent. Gwaro rake rekutsvakurudza rakange risina kujeka: mhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzevhu ivhu dzinopera zvachose nokuti nzvimbo dzave dzakambovapo dzave dzakashandurwa zvakakwana kune zvekurima kana kuguta / kushandiswa kwenyika.
Chimwe chikamu 508 chekugadziriswa kwevhu munhepfenyuro inowanikwa muUnited States mune dzakasiyana-siyana dzezvikamu.
"Kwemazana emakore akapfuura, takagadzirisa chikamu chekondinendi kusvika apo nzvimbo yemazuva ano inenge isinganzwisisiki kubva munharaunda yayo chaiyo," akadaro Amundson. "Mahombekombe makuru akashandiswa kuratidzwa neuswa hwakareba uye maruva.Vakave vakatsiviwa nezvirimwa uye maturakiti emumba."
Uye kusvibiswa kwevhu kunogona kuita kuti kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kuve: Kuchera ivhu rinobudiswa carbon dioxide, iro rinoita kuti magasi ekupisa ave mumhepo. "Soro ine hutoni yakawanda mumhando yezvinhu zvakasikwa kune miti yose munyika," akadaro Amundson.
Zvimwe zvinopisa muvhu zvinosanganisira salination (yakawedzerwa munyu munyu), acidification ( inoderedzwa pH uye yakaderedza alkalinity ), kudyarwa kwemasango, kuderedza, basa rekuvaka uye kusvibiswa kubva kune zvigetsi zvakakura uye miviri.
Mharidzo yekuchengetedza ivhu inonzwisisika: Kana tisingazotanga kutarisira zviri nani ivhu redu, hazvizovipo kuti tive nehanya nesu.