Nzvimbo Yaro Munhoroondo vs. Cottage Gardens, Lawns
Iwe unoda kugadzirisa chigadzirwa chiri pamberi pejare , asi iwe unoda mamwe mazano kuti uite iwe? Iwe hauzive kuti iwe unofarira chipi, unhu husina kukodzera kana hwekugadzirwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu, asi iwe unoziva kuti wakaneta nekutarisa maitiro akange aripo, kana kuti wakaneta nekuchengetwa kwegwenzi ? Iwe unoziva zvauri kuda iwe paunozviona mune imwe yadhi yevamwe, asi pahutachire hwepamusoro (iwe hauna ruzivo rwakakwana munyaya idzi kushandura zvaunofarira muurongwa)?
Uchitenda kana kwete, chidzidzo chechiitiko chinokurumidza chingava chinhu chaicho kuti chikubatsire zviri nani kutsanangura zvaunoda. Kunzwisisa kuti nyika yakarongeka sei maitiro akashandurwa inogona kujekesa iwe chaizvo zvaunotarisira kubva munzvimbo yako. Zvichida, usingatombozvizivi, iwe unowira mune chimwe chezvikoro zviviri zvakakura zvekufunga: nzvimbo yakarongeka yekugadzirisa nemaitiro ejemiometric kana kuti zvisina kukodzera iyo inobata maitiro ejometri seanathema uye inoedza kune mamwe maitiro "chaiwo".
Wati wambotora zvidzidzo zvemitemo mujiji? Zvichida purofesa wako akafukidzira uzivi waImanuel Kant, unotaura zvakawanda nezve "mhedziso" (iyo 2 + 2 = 4 dzimwe nguva inoshandiswa semuenzaniso wemhedziso). Unyanzvi hwakadaro hunowanzotora muchecheti sechinhu chisingazivikanwi uye chaicho, chinenge chiri munzira iyo masvomhu.
Ichokwadi, kubatana pakati pemasvomhu nefilosofi kune chinyorwa chekare uye chakakurumbira.
Hakuna mumwe kunze kwekuti ivo madzibaba efilosofi, vaGiriki vekare, ndivo vokutanga kuzvigadzirisa. Zvichida wakanzwa nezve "Euclidean geometry," uye zvichida unorangarira "dzidziso yePythagorean" kubva kuchikoro chesekondari geometry class. Zvakanaka Euclid naPythagoras vairarama muGirisi yekare, uye iyo yekupedzisira yaiva imwe yevanoshambadza mafirosofi.
Pythagoras, uyewo, akakurudzira Plato, muzivi weGreece anozivikanwa zvikuru.
Mu mathematics, uye kunyanya mumagariro evanhu, maGiriki akawana nyika yeukwana, utsanana uye hukomba husingazombogadziriswi nehupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Yakanga iri nzvimbo yakakwirira yokugara munyika isina kukwana yakavakomberedza, utiziro umo mhedziso dzisingagoneki dzingadanwa pakarepo. Mitsara yakajeka, mapurisa epakati, mapurisa akakwana: Vakachena zvakanyanya, zvakashata, uye zvakajeka. Pane chimwe chinhu chinokurudzira, chine simba, zvemashiripiti nezvemasvomhu. Vakagadzirirwa pfungwa dzakarongeka dzakarongedzwa nemasvomhu uye mukuda nemaitiro ejemiometric, tinokwanisa kunyange dzimwe nguva kuisa kuda kwedu pamusoro pezvisikwa, iyo inonyanya kukosha munhoroondo yeWestern, kusanganisira yakarongeka yemamiriro ekugadzirwa kwenhoroondo.
Hungu, ruzivo rwekuda kwechiGiriki rwema geometry rwakapfuurira kure nechepamusoro pemasikiramu emakemikari ekugadzirisa miganhu yatinoziva se "chiGiriki-kiyi" maitiro ejemiometri. Semuenzaniso, pasi apa iwe uchataurirwa kumamiriro ekugadzirwa kwemamiriro ekusika uye kushandiswa kwaro kwemajini ejemiometri. Kunyange zvazvo izvo zvingave zvakaoma zvakaoma kwazvo, iwe unogona kupedzisira wava kuona zvishoma iwe pachako.
Nzvimbo Yakarongeka Yakagadziriswa uye Chirungu cheChirungu Chine Izvo
Imwe nzira yekusimudzira kuda kwomunhu pamusoro pemasikirwo ndekumanikidzira michero mune imwe nzvimbo yekugadzirisa kuti ienderane nechimiro chine rudzi rwemagetsi ejometri rakataurwa pamusoro apa.
Zvinhu zvechisikigo, zvakasiyana, zvinenge zvakashata, kubva pane unyanzvi. Hapana chaipo, pane zvakawanda zvakashata kumativi, uye rumwe rudzi rwemiri rinokura willy-nilly pedyo nemumwe, pasinei nehuwandu kana zvimwe zvakagadziriswa.
Neyo tsanangudzo chaiyo yekugadzirwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu, tinoshanda kuvandudza pane urongwa uhwu patinoita basa rekugadzira nzvimbo. Asi geometric style, kana chii chinonyanyozivikanwa se "chimiro chemaitiro," inopfuura kungovandudza chete. Mumwe angave akafananidzira sekuvandudza "nemafungiro."
Mumamiriro ekugadzirwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu, zvinyorwa zvinenge zvisingakwanisi kuita. Iko ndiko kuti, zvisikwa zvinopa michero (zviri mukati), asi tinoshandisa mirairo yakasimba muurongwa hwavo (iyo fomu) iyo yakawanda yekucherechedza inotorwa kune fomu. Basa redu rekuita iro rinova nyenyedzi yemuenzaniso, apo michero inotamba inongobatsira basa chete.
Izvo zvinomera zvakasarudzwa kuti zvitsigire zvakagadzirwa zvakadai kare ndizvo zviri izvo zviri nyore kushanda nayo.
Chimwe chinomera chinopindirana zvakanaka nechimiro chejiyojiyamu mapato ibhokisiwood ( Buxus ). Bhokisi reBhokisiwood rinogona kuumbwa nyore nyore muhutano hwakanaka hunoenderana nemhando ipi zvatinoda kuvapa, kuti iite sedenderedzwa, mutsara wakarurama, nezvimwewo. Muzvigadzirwa zvemasango zvakanyatsogadzirwa uye zvakachengetwa boxwood mahedheni anogona kuva munda wose . Haisi chimiro chakanyanya kupiwa kune zvakasiyana-siyana, uye maruva haafaniri kuita basa rinokosha.
VaRoma, avo vanobatsira vechiGiriki, vakasiya isu mumabhuku avo muenzaniso wekutanga wekushandisa kwebhokisiwood hedges kuisa hubatanidze pane zvakashata zvisikwa. Muenzaniso uyu unopiwa naPliny the Younger (General Letters, Chikamu VII, Tsamba LII, Kuna Domitius Apollinaris ), achitsanangura kugadzirwa kwebindu reimba yake muTuscany. Pliny anotaura nezvekutemerwa boxwood hedges inyanzvi inotumirwa kuparadzaniswa kubva kune zvikamu zvenzvimbo nenzira yakananga. Mukuwedzera, boxwood yakaiswa muzvipipiari zvinoratidzira mhuka, kumwezve kusimbiswa kwekutonga pamusoro pezvisikwa (kutendeura muti uve mhuka , sezvazvaive).
Sezvo Europe yakashandura kubva pakutonga kweRoma kusvikira panguva yekare, upfumi, unyanzvi hwehutano uye tsika zvaive izvo zvaidiwa zveimba yakadai saPliny's vaida chaizvo. Asi chimiro chakaoma chekugadzirisa nyika yakagadziridzwa chakanga chichidarika kupfurikidza nenzira yesimbi yakasarudzwa yakashandiswa mumakore ekumambo evanamambo. Renaissance Italy yakadzosazve kugadzirwa kwemamiriro ekugadzirwa kwemhando yakawanda, uye kutonga kwaLouis XIV kwakaratidza kubuda kwemaunda epakati cheFrance kuVersailles, iyo ndiyo inonyanya kushandiswa nenzira iyi.
Kirk Johnson akatsanangura kuti nzvimbo yakarongeka yakagadzirwa sei pakupedzisira yakasangana nayo nekusimudzika kwezana remakore rechi18 reEngland landscape garden design (kunyange zvazvo mafambiro maviri akagoverana rudo rwemavara emucheka wakagadzirwa wakagadzirwa nemarara yemarara). Johnson anotaura nhetembo weChirungu, Alexander Pope seanomutsigira wekugadzirisa nzvimbo yakagadziriswa.
"Muhurukuro pamusoro pekugadzira munda mu Guardian (1713), iye [Papa] akakurudzira kudzokera kune 'kushamwaridzana kunonzwisisika kwezvisina kunaka' panzvimbo yebindu rakagadzirwa," anonyora Johnson. "Uye mubhuku rake kuBurlington akazivisa kuti chii chaizova chikadhi murairo weChirungu chemaitiro," Johnson anoenderera mberi, achitora zvinyorwa zvePapa mutemo: "Muzvose, regai chimiro chisambokanganwa .... Taurai nheyo yenzvimbo ".
Shona Cottage Gardens
Asi mumwe anogona kukakavadzana kuti, nenzira yaro pachavo, nzvimbo yegadheni yekufamba, uyewo yakanga ine unhu hwakasimba pamusoro payo. Ndicho chikonzero, mumafungiro evamwe, nguva yekujekesa yekumukira kwechiChirungu pamusoro pemamiriro ekugadzirwa kwemamiriro ezvinhu ndiyo kushanduka kweChirungu cottage minda . Kutanga kwekumukira kwechiChirungu munguva yePapa kwakagamuchira humwe hutsva huchibva mberi kubva kuRudo rwekunyora mune mabhuku uye unyanzvi. Ichi chaiva sangano rinopesana neClassism uye kuonga kwayo kwekuronga, kuranga, uye kuenzanisa. Mumunda wekugadzira simba reRomanticism rakashandurwa mukusimbisa kushandisa michero kutikurudzira mupfungwa pane kungwarira. Nechikwangwani chayo chinoshamisa uye aura romukati, chimiro ichi chinoratidza maitiro acho ezvakaitika kare.
Kuita zvekudanana hakusi kungoisa pfungwa pamanzwiro, asiwo kwakaisa huno kusvika kune vanhu vanozvidzwa pasi pepamusoro. Uye kwaiva pakutanga peasantry yakanga yakadyara uye yakachengetedza chiChirungu cottage minda. Vakanga vaita izvi zvisati zvava maitiro uye mamwe mapoka akawanda. Ichokwadi chechirungu chemahombekiti chechirungu chemahara yevagari vemunyika yaive chichibatsira, pamwe chete nekunakidza . Nokudaro mishonga yakanga yakazara zvikamu, yakashandiswa zvose pakushandisa mishonga uye kugadzira. Miti yemichero, zvakare yaiwanzova pakati pemiti yakasimwa inoshandiswa mumakamuri edzimba .
Asi mushure mekunyorwa kweChirungu dzimba dzesango dzakabatwa kunze kwezvikwata zvevarimi (uye kunze kweEngland, zvakare), maitiro avo ekutenderera akawana zvakanyanya. Imwe yedzimba dzakakurumbira dzimba dzekudzimba dzakanga dzakagadzirirwa nemumwe munyori wemufananidzo weFrench Impressionist, Claude Monet (1840-1926). Sezvatotaurwa pamusoro apa, unyanzvi uye mabhuku zvakakonzera nhoroondo yekugadzira munda muEurope. Hapana chirango chakaita kuti zvive nesimba pamusoro pekugadzira munda kunze kwekuita nzvimbo yekupenda. Yaiva nyaya ye "hupenyu hutevedzera unyanzvi," kana iwe uchida. Monet inyaya inofadza, kusati iri muongorori uyo akaveza nzvimbo asiwo mumwe munhu aishanda mubindu rekugadzira. Ndiine Monet, simba racho rakafamba nenzira mbiri.
Chirungu cottage minda, pamwe chete nemasango avo emasango akasviba , maruva asingagumi, munda unobata mazambiringa arbors , uye mbeu inowira pamusoro pemagwagwa ematombo , inowanikwa zvikuru muUnited States Iyi ndiyo nzira isina kurongwa inoreva kusvitsa mafungiro emwoyo wakachena. Ziso rinopembera pamusika wakasiyana-siyana wemiti inotumbuka, inoparidzirwa nenzira inoratidzika isingatauri, inobudisa pfungwa dze "nharaunda." Iyo miriwo pachayo inokosha chete sekushandiswa kwayo muhutano huripo, uye kusango kwegadziriro kunoreva kuratidza kuswedera pedyo nehupenyu.
Asi nepo chiChirungu kamba yeminda inowanikwa kune dzimwe nyika dzeAmerica, hapana mubvunzo kuti mutsva ndiyo inonyanya kukosha muAmerica landscaping.
Edwin Budding uye History of the American Lawn
Kubuda kwehofori mbiri kunofanirwa kutaridzirwa mukukurukurirana nhoroondo yemakwenzi muAmerica. Mazita avo ndiFrederick Law Olmsted uye Edwin Budding. Olmsted inonyatsozivikanwa zvikuru, asi Budding ane nzvimbo yakasiyana nedzimwe munhoroondo yemakwenzi emucheni, uye, naizvozvo, mune tsika yakashambadzirwa sei mumatare muAmerica. Nokuti munyaya yerudo pakati peAmerica nemasvingo avo, mowers vakaita basa rezvinhu zvinokosha zvemasikati.
Sezvo David Quammen achitaura achinyora mu "Kuchinyorera Muchizha," nhoroondo yekusvetwa kweAmerica yakanyanya kuoma kupfuura imwe inogona kufunga. Kune rumwe rutivi, kune chimwe chinhu chekutonga kwemademokrasi. Apo Olmsted, uyo aipayona muAmerican landscape architect, akaisa chidimbu cheChicago mhiri kweRwiziside muna 1869, mashizha akazaruka, akabatanidzwa, akabatanidzwa mumisha yevanhu vomunharaunda pamwe chete mune chimwe chinhu chakasangana nemagungano. Asi panguva imwe chete, simba rinopesana rakanga riri kushandawo.
Muna 1830 Edwin Budding akanga atanga gadget yekuchera uswa . Yakanga iri mambakwedza emvura yakashambadza, uye uswa-huchidya hunoramba huchichinja kusvikira nhasi. Izvi zvisati zvaitika, vanhu vakagadzirira chete vaigona kuchengeta uswa hwakasvibirira, saka kusvina kwaiva kusingawanzoitiki. Apo muchero wemasvingo akauya, varidzi vemunharaunda vemuguta vakabata mukana iwoyo wakaita kuti vave nehuni hwavo, nokudaro vachisimudzira hukama hwavo hwevanhu (kusvikira munhu wese akaita zvimwechetezvo, ndizvo). Nokudaro, zvakakosha kutaura kuti mhirizhonga yeAmerica ine zvinhu zvose zvekutonga kwevanhu uye zvekutenda.
Mumwe anokanganisa, zvisinei, pane chimwe chinhu chinonyanya kukosha shure kweAmerica's obsession nemashizha kupfuura iyo inofanirwa neimwe yezviitiko zvekare. Kamwezve, chido chedu chekuisa chido chedu pane zvisikwa chingaita seicho chinonyanya kukonzera hugemoni yemukwenzi. Sezvakaitwa nemuenzaniso wekugadzirisa nyika yakambotaurwa, ruzha ruchifanirwa kuratidzira kushingaira kwemunhu ane zvake, kwete mbeu, ivo pachavo. Icho chimiro pamusoro pehupenyu zvakare zvakare. Zvechokwadi, ruvara rweuswa runenge rwunofadza sezvo nyika inodyarwa yakambosvika, saka pane mikana shoma yezvimwe zvezvikamu zviri muurongwa urwu kubba zviratidzo pazvinodhura urongwa hwakazara. Kusiyana nebasa rinotaridzika-tema-skelter maitiro edzimba dzedzimba dzakambotaurwa kare, lawns inomirira mutemo wemutemo uye chikonzero. Uye isu takanamatira masvosve edu mumasikirwo nekuwedzera mukati medu panze, tichiputira gorosi rinoputika iro richatibvumira kuti tishandure zvakasununguka pakati pekunze uye mukati tisingatombochengeti tsvina mukati meimba.
Uyezve, uswa humwe humwe humwe hutsika hunogadzirwa nehuwandu hunogutsa hwe geometry mauri, zvisinei nyore. Ndiyo mhinduro yevarombo kumunda wakarongeka ane mitsara yakajeka ye boxwood-hedge. Nokuti chii chinoshandiswa zvakanyatsorongwa nemasikirwe anofungidzirwa kumira, shure kwezvose, kana kwete ndege inopera? Hapana munhu aizozvirumbidza pamusoro pegwenzi rakaita uswa hwakanga huri masendimita mashanu kubva kune rumwe rutivi rwomugwagwa uye 2 masendimita kune rimwe. Izvo zvose zviri shure musveteni, kutaura zvakanaka, ndiko kufanana kwayo. Inofanira kuva yunifomu kwete kwete mukureba, asiwo mukunyorwa ( kwete "masora" ) uye muvara. Izvo zvakanyatsojeka, zviri nani.
Ndeupi chikoro chekufunga iwe unobvumirana nazvo, chimiro kana chechimiro? Uye iwe unofungei nezvemabasa ekuchera kusvina? Iwe unofunga nezvekugadzira mhepo yakagadzirwa nhau kuva nenyaya yekufambira mberi kana nyaya yechipfuva chine ruzha chingave chakanaka chisingafaniri kutenderera here? Usati watanga maitiro ekugadzira zvinhu, hazvina kungobatsira chete kupindura mibvunzo iyi, asi kufungisisa zvikonzero zvemashure ako.
Natural Landscape Design vs. Minimalist Style
Kana uri kufungidzira kugadziriswa kwemavhu kubva kumucheka kusvika kune imwe nzvimbo isingazivikanwi, "nharaunda yemasikirwo" (kana kuti zvinyorwa), funga zvakanyatsoongorora chikoro chekufunga iwe unyoresa kune: chimiro chepamutemo kana chisingaenzaniswi kugadzirwa kwemamiriro. Iwe ungatoona kuti izvo zvaunoshuva zvinonyanya kunzi "minimalist landscape design". Kuyeuchidza nyika inodhura uye inowanikwa basa. Usati watanga, iwe unoda kuva nechokwadi chokuti chigadziro chitsva chicharatidza kuti iwe unonyanya kunzwa manzwiro ehurukuro iyi uye ichava nemanzwiro pane zvinodiwa. Kana kudikanwa kwekuchengetedza kwakadzika ndeimwe yeunonyanya kunzwa manzwiro echokwadi, kunyatsofunga kufunga kuderedza.
Nhaurirano dzinowanikwa pasi pe "natural landscape" kuratidza kuti, kunyange zvazvo yakanzwa kakawanda, iri izwi rinogona kunyengedza. Kune rimwe basa rinobatanidzwa mukuchengetedza rakagadzirwa zvakanaka, asi rakarongeka rechisikigo; hazviuye zvakasununguka. Kana iwe uri kutarisa kuti usagadzire kugadziriswa kwejeri (kana kuuya sechiswedera kune chinangwa ichocho sezvinobvira, zvishoma), zvaunoda ndezvokugadzirisa zvishoma , kwete "inzvimbo yezvisikwa." Zvechokwadi, kana iwe ukashandisa izwi rokuti "natural landscape" mupfungwa yakasiyana, kuratidzira kusaita chero basa chero ripi zvaro , zvakanaka, zvakajeka, haunzwisisi mazano anopiwa neiyi, kana imwe imwe nzvimbo yewebhu.
Zvimwe Zvokufungidzira Kana Uri Kufungidzira Kudzorera Mucheka Wako NeNyika Isina Kujeka Kugadzira:
- Kubatsira kwekutanga kutanga. Kana nzvimbo yako ichinge yaiswa pamusika weimba yekutengesa pane imwe nguva munguva yemberi iri pedyo, zvingave zvakachengeteka iwe kuti uombe nemashanga uye michero yakawanda yekuchengetedza, zvakadai semasikirwo emasikirwo esheyo . Kakawanda, vanogona kutenga vatengi vanowanzoenda kune zvakagadzirirwa zvakasarudzwa pane zvekusasarudzwa kwe "nzvimbo yezvisikwa."
- Kana chikonzero chako chekushandura ndechokuti uswedere pedyo nemasikirwo, iva nechokwadi chokuti ichi ndicho chitendero chako-chinonzwa uye kuti hausi kungozvipira kune fadhi. Yeuka, "kusimudzira kuda kwedu pamusoro pezvisikwa" hazvisi zvakaipa zvose. Tinenge tichiri kurarama mumapako kana madzitateguru edu aifunga saizvozvo. Philosophically kutaura, zvinogonawo kukakavhirwa kuti kuderedza zvisizvo, zvakare, zvichakuendesa pedyo nemasikirwo.
- Kana chinangwa chako chekushandura ndechekuchengetedza mubasa rejare, iwe uchafanirwa kugadzirisa zvirongwa zvako uye kusarudzwa kwemiti zvakanyatsonaka kuti uite zvakajeka icho chinangwa. Kunyanya, izvo zvaunoda ndeye minimalist design (ona pasi apa), izvo zvisingakwanisi kukugutsa iwe unofadza. Imba yemahombeti munda inogona kupa manzwiro e "nharaunda yemasikirwo," asi haisi iyo minimalist yakagadzirirwa: Unogona nyore kushandisa nguva yakawanda paimba yekotori sepamusana (kunyanya kana iwe unofunga pakuiswa). Kana iwe uchinzwa wakasununguka nelasi risingasviki, saka kushambadza kusina kukodzera kusadya nguva yakawandisa yenguva yako. Zvechokwadi, mudikanwi wezvokwadi wekambaji achada kupedza nguva yakawanda achishanda mune imwe.
Minimalist Design uye Kudzorera Nzvimbo Yenyu Isina Kurongeka Yakagadzirwa Nedzimwe Mamwe Mamwe:
- Kana kuchengetedza nguva pakuchengetedza kunonyanya kukufungira iwe, bheji yako yakanakisisa ndeye minimalist design. Semuenzaniso, unogona kuzadzisa rudzi rwakachena, kutarisa kunobatanidzwa nemamiriro ekugadzirisa nyika kuburikidza nekushandiswa kukuru kwe mulching uye hardscape zvinowanikwa munzvimbo yako. Panzvimbo yehuta, shandisa masvingo ematombo kuti uwane zvigadziro zvemajimeri. Gadzira nzvimbo yakakura yezvidhinha kana patio yemagetsi kuti uwane nzvimbo yaizotarisirwa kuchengetedzwa. Shandisa zvivharo zvevhu pane nzvimbo yeuswa, uye shandisa zvikamu zvemaunharaunda ako nemigwagwa yakawanda. Pasina kupira aesthetics kusvika pamwero usingakanganwiki, unogadzirisa zvishoma unonyanya kufunga nezvekuwana zvakawanda zvishoma (izvo zvinoreva kusachengetedzwa kuduku kwako).
- Funga nezvekukanganisika kwezvakatipoteredza zvekushongedzwa kwemasikati ako. Kunyange kana iwe ukabvisa mishonga yemakemikari nemakemikisi emakemikari kubva pamagadziro ako ekugadzirisa uswa, iwe uchave uchiri kushandisa mushonga wemashanga wemashanga. Vanhu vashomanana vanoda chaizvo kushandisa masheya akare-masimba, mabhuku ekusimbisa mowers kuti acheke mashizha emhando ipi zvayo yakakura, pasinei nokuti mhepo inokonzerwa nemagetsi inokonzerwa negasi inotyisa, inokuvadza, uye inokonzera kusvibiswa. Rimwe sarudzo, zvisinei, rinomiririrwa nemhepo mitsva yakasungirirwa yakasvibiswa .
- Ko kana iwe usingatarisiri "nzvimbo yepanyama" kana kuti minimalist yakagadzirwa? Kana izvo zvataurwa pamusoro apa zvakukurudzira kuti iwe unosarudza nzvimbo yakarongeka yemaitiro, wadii kutora mutsara unoremedza we rudo rwako rwekurongeka kupfuura zvingangogoneka chete nemucheka? Mukuwedzera kumucheka, miti yakasara . Inzvimbo yakagadzirirwa ine tsvina yakachengetedzwa zvakanaka yakasunungurwa nemasvingo matsvuku ndeyekutaura kwekushuva kwekunakidzwa kwezvinhu.