Ulmus Americana Pamberi Kwokupinda
Bruce Carley, munyaya yake pamusoro pekuponesa American elm miti kubva kuDutch chim chirwere, anoratidza mufananidzo wakaisvonaka weStart Street USA muhafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi20. Yakanga iri mumugwagwa waipiwa nemasimba makuru aya, ayo akasvinura matawi avo aisvimha misodzi Rapunzel-akafanana nemisoro yevanopfuura, achiita mumvuri pazhizha rinopisa masikati. Kwakanga kusina mumwe muti wakafanana nawo:
"Miti miviri yakanyatsoputika yemiti yakaisvonaka yakatenderera mumugwagwa yakakwira mumugwagwa unofadza uye unofadza, unogunzva kunaka ... kupararira kwepamusoro pamatunhu kakawanda kunopfuura mamita zana ...." [Bruce Carley]
Chirungu chechirmic ( Ceratocystis ulmi ) chakashandura zvose izvo. Chirwere cheElm isu fungus inokura iyo inokura mumasipwood emashizha. Iyo fungus yakatanga kuonana muna 1921 muNetherlands. Mumakore mashomanana akatevera, mairimu akadzika pakati nechekumaodzanyemba kweEurope akawanikwa achigumburwa nefungus.
Nhoroondo yeDutch Elm Disease: The Demise yeAmerican Elm Trees
American elm miti ( Ulmus americana ) ndiyo inonyanya kutarisana neDutch elm zvirwere. Miti yemiti yeAmerica inozivikanwawo semafuta emvura, zvinyoro zvinyoro, zvisikwa zvitsvuku, kana mapaundi eFlorida. Miti yemamerican yeAmerica inowanikwa muEastern neCentral North America. Nzira yavo inowedzera kusvika kure kumaodzanyemba nechokumaodzanyemba kweTexas neFlorida.
Cleveland, Ohio vakaona dambudziko rekutanga reDutch elm zvirwere muUnited States muna 1930. Sezviri pachena, uyu muurayi asina kumira akauya mune zvigadzirwa zvematanda kubva kuFrance. ChiDutch chinonzi chirwere chinopararira East nokukurumidza; mukati memakore maviri, American elm miti muNew Jersey yakanga ichinge yava kugumburwa kune fungus inouraya.
VaDutch elm chirwere vakanga "vauraya mamiriyoni 77 nemiti muna 1970," akanyora kudaro Phil McCombs munhau yeWashington ya2001 iyo inotanga nemashoko anoyevedza ekuti American elm miti yakave yakamira sei mumigwagwa yevakawanda muguta:
"Pamwe pane imwe nguva muAmerica, makateji makuru emashedheni epamusoro-soro emakwikwi ezvinyorwa akavhara mumigwagwa yemisha nemaguta kubva kuAtlantic kuenda kumaRockies, achikanda mumvuri wakadzika pahupenyu hwemhirizhonga."
Nei chiDutch Chirwere Chirwere Chichiita America Elm Miti Yakanyanya Kuoma
Nokuda kwekuzorora kwese kudyara kwemasimba kwakapiwa, iyi tsika yekutenda yaiva imwe yezvakakonzera mukuderera kweAmerica elm miti. Iyo fungus inouraya, iyo inosvika, inogona kupararira pasi pasi kubva pamidzi yemumwe munhu akabatwa kumidzi yeimwe iri pedyo. Izvi ndizvo zvakaitika apo midzi yepakati peAmerica elm miti "yakabatanidzwa" pamwechete, inobatanidza hupenyu hwezvinhu zvaive zviri zviviri zvakasiyana.
Kuparara kweumwe kwakabva kwava kuparara kweumwe. Ikoko kusango pamwe chete nemiganhu yayo yakanyatsoronga kunoreva kuti saga yakakonzerwa inogona kudarika kubva kune imwe yemiti yemamerica ichienda kune imwe mumaketheni ekugadzira iyo inogona kuparadza musara wose mumugwagwa.
Kudyara kweAmerica elm miti en masse kwakanga kusiri wega chete, kunyange zvakadaro. Iyo spores microscopic yemafungira inoparidzirwa kubva kune vanorwara vanorwara kusvika kune miviri yakagadzikana nemhando mbiri dzebhungete iyo iri pasi pegome. Imwe yeEuropean bark beetle ( Scolytus multistriatus ), inoshandiswa yakatangira chirwere cheDutch elm pacharo. Imwe nyuchi inonzi bark bark beetle, Hylurgopinus rufipes . Mifananidzo yevari vaviri ava vatakuri veDutch chinonzi chirwere chinogona kuwanikwa muUnited State State nzvimbo yekuwedzera, pamwe chete nemamwe mashoko pamusoro peDutch elm chirwere.
Chii Chinodyara Kuchengetedza Kunogona Kuita Kubatsira
Kutenda kumunda wekugadzira basa remuti wemuiti, Alden Townsend, chirevo cheUmusmus americana chave chakanaka. Mukupera kwema1990, makore makumi maviri nemashanu ekushanda naU.Americana akasvika pakubudirira apo chiziviso chakaitwa kuti Townsend yakanga yabudirira nematambudziko matsva maviri: American elm tree clones inopesana neDutch elm chirwere yakaitika.
Inonzi U. americana "Valley Forge" uye U. americana "New Harmony," maCones's Townsend ari kumusika. Chimiro chekugadzirisa basa remiti yemagetsi chinoramba chiine tarisiro yekuvandudza mitsva yeAmerica itsva iyo icharamba ichirwisana nechiDutch elm chirwere.
Nokuda ikozvino, kana iwe usingakwanisi kutenga chimwe chezvikwata zvezvibereko zvemaAmerica, kana iwe uri kuedza kuchengetedza muti wakareba, wakatevera mazano aya:
- Prune vakafa kana kuti kufa mapazi kubva kuAmerica elms, kubva pakuwa kusvika pakupedzisira kwechando. Iyi nzira, inonzi chigunwe , inonyatsogadziriswa nevadzidzisi.
- Dzivisa kuchera mapurisa eAmerica kubva munaApril kusvika munaAugust. Iyo mhepo inoputika bhaketoni inokweverwa kune chitsva chakatemwa uye inonyanya kushanda panguva ino.
- Iva wakatarisa zviratidzo zveDutch elm chirwere. Masamba eine utachiona hwemaAmerica anowanikwa muzhizha. Vachatanga kuvhara, uye kupisa, uye pakupedzisira vanova vhudzi. Zviratidzo zvinowanzotanga kuonekwa mumakona eAmerica elms.
- Kana zviratidzo zvikaonekwa, shandura mavhesi emaAmerica zvakanaka. Mumaruwa, vanogona kupiswa. Munzvimbo dzomumaguta, uende navo kunzvimbo yakasarudzwa yekutsvaga nzvimbo.
Cherechedza kuti mauto eAmerica anotorwa semumwe wemiti yakaipa yekudyara kune vanorwara zvirwere. Kune avo vasiri zvirwere zvinokonzera zvirwere, vashandi veAmerica vanogadzirisa miti yakanaka kwazvo. Mairi eAmerica ane ushamwari hwakanyanyisa kuenda kunharaunda 3.
Vanhu havasi ivo chete vanokunda kana iyo yekare uwandu hwemabhiza eAmerica inodzorerwa kuburikidza nebasa rekugadzira michero. KuBaltimore orioles, maElmerica vaimbova muti unofarira kudya. Murume anonzi Oriole ndeimwe yezvisikwa zvezvisikwa zvakasikwa, nekudanidzira kwemaruva emaruva akaiswa pamba jet black plumage. Baltimore orioles vanosarudza maAmerica mauto ekusimbisa nesting pamusana pemamiriro ekuderera ematavi emiti. Orioles 'matendere akarembera kubva kumagumo emapazi eAmerican elms zvinenge zvisingabviri kuti zvikara zvinopinda.
Bruce Carley inotitaurira kuti maguta ePortland, Maine neNew Haven, Connecticut aimbova mumusha kune vakawanda veAmerica vemuAfrica kuti nzvimbo imwe neimwe yakawana zita rokuti "City of Elms," nguva refu tisati tataura mazwi, "kusima cloning" yakanga yakambonzwa . Asi kuvonga kudyara cloning, tarisiro ikozvino iri nani kuti vanhu rimwe zuva vachakudza guta redu ne epithet, "City of Elms." Makoni anodyara anogona kudzorera "Elm Street, USA."