01 ye 09
The Wide World of Scandinavian Design
Decorola Zvichida kugadzirirwa chinhu chinoshuva, chido chekuchivaraidza, kana kuti kunyange kungofambisa zvishoma, mikana iwe wakanzwa zveScandinavian style. Ichokwadi, iwe wakangonzwa izwi rinoshandiswa kakawanda zvokuti iwe watanga kushamisika kuti chinonyatsoreva chii. Mamwe acho akanaka chaizvo nyore kutora-masvingo machena, matanda pasi uye samani yemazuva ano, asi panofanira kuva nezvakawanda munhau yacho, zvakarurama? Zvakanaka sezvinoitika, pane-zvakawanda zvakawanda. Nzira iyo yakatungamirira kuScandinavia kugadzira kuva imwe yenzira dzakanakisisa dzekunze munyika mukutanga kwezana remakore rechi21 chaizvoizvo rakatanga panguva yekupera kwe19. Pakati penzira, umambo hwakasimuka uye hwawa, maonero enyika akachinja, nyika yakaenda kuhondo kaviri uye unyanzvi, uzivi uye fenicha zvose zvakashandura nzira dzavaizviona pachavo uye mumwe nomumwe. Kanda mumusanganiswa mamwe mazita ane tarenda uye mazita anokosha munhoroondo yekugadzirwa, mazita akadai, Alvar Aalto, Hans Wegner, Arne Jacobsen, Eero Arnio naIngvar Kamprad (muvambi weKEA), uye mune zvakawanda kupfuura chimiro chemuganhu chakakonzera inenge yese yezvinhu zvakasikwa kubvira pakati pe1950 - une nyaya yakanaka chaizvo.
02 of 09
Scandinavia mu Focus
Ndinoda Izvo Scandinavia haisi nzvimbo imwe chete, yakawanda. Kungova vangani dzimwe nguva vanogona kuvimba nezvauri kutaura naye, kana kunyange apo. Mutsika, iyo izwi rinoreva zvitatu zvenyika yekuchamhembe kweEurope - Norway, Sweden neSweden. Parizvino zvakadaro, tsanangudzo iyi yakawedzerwa mukushandiswa kwakafanana kusanganisira Finland, Iceland, uye kunyange, kunyange zvishoma, Greenland. Kunyangwe kune dzakawanda zvenhoroondo uye mutsika kufanana pakati pemarudzi aya, panewo zvakare kune zvishoma zvinokonzera kusiyana. Nhau yekuti vakave vakabatana sei pasi pemubhanhire wekushongedza kwemusha ndeimwe yezvikamu zvinonakidza zvenyaya yacho, nyaya yekutsvaga yakawanda seyakaitika, uye imwe inotanga nekushandura huzivi hwemagariro ekupedzisira kwema 1800s.
03 of 09
Kuda zveRoma kunopera
Contemporary lighting Nyika yakanga iri kuchinja nokukurumidza sezvo yezana remakore rechi19 yakavharwa uye 20 yakazarurwa. Kuchinja kwemabhizimisi kwakanga kuri kuchinja hupenyu, zvekutengeserana uye zvematongerwo enyika nokukurumidza pane nyika yose uye mafilosofi akatungamirira nzira iyo vanhu vakaita nayo zvinhu izvi zvaishandukawo zvakare. Modernism yaive ichizvarwa mumhando dzose dzaizozopedzisira dzatora. Asi paiva nemashoko ekunyunyuta zvakare, kukumbira kunzwisisika kwezvinhu zvakasikwa mukati mekufadzwa kwekukurumidza kushandiswa kwemichina. Imwe yambiro yakadaro yakabva kuBlack & Crafts movement inotungamirirwa nemugadziri, William Morris. Kuitirana nharo ye "kushingaira kudzidza zvisikwa," pamwe chete nemarudzi ekare emagariro, Morris 'kuedza kushandura mararamiro akaiswa nehupfumi hwekugadzirwa kwemazuva ezuva kunogona kuonekwa seimwe yekupedzisira kwechiRoma kana sangano reArt Nouveau rakatanga kuEurope.
04 of 09
Art Nouveau, Art Deco & Hondo Yenyika I
Simple Joy Studio Pakazosvika makore ekutanga ezana remakore rechi20 Art Nouveau yakanga ichirumbidzwa se "chimiro chitsva chemazana emakore." Sezvakawanda zvitsva zvoumbozha, Art Nouveau yaiva munzira dzakawanda kuramba mafomu akanga atangira. Uye kufanana neBy Arts & Crafts yakagamuchira zvigadzirwa zvekushongedza zvemukati yekugadzira uyewo hutano hwakanaka uye zvivakwa. Sezvo yeEurope yakaswedera pedyo nekuputika kweHondo Yenyika I muna 1914, ruzivo rwezvemagariro evanhu rwakaramba ruchingowedzera rutivi rwemabasa ekugadzira. Kuchinja kwehutano hweEurope kuburikidza nekufambisa kwakafanana neGermany Bauhaus, Russian Constructivists neSwitzerland Dadaists vakaratidza kuwedzera kukura kwemaonero evanhu vemagariro evanhu uye anristocracy. Panguva iyo hondo yapera muna 1918, zvivako izvozvo zvairatidza zviratidzo zvekuora simba sezvakanga zvakaita maitiro akafuridzirwa aArt Nouveau. Pasinei nekuparadzwa kwehondo yenyika, makore maviri chete mafupi akaparadzanisa kuguma kwehondo kubva pakutanga kwekutengesa 20 , uye muna 1925, zvisikwa zvezvisikwa zveArt Nouveau zvakanga zvanyatsodzingwa nemakambani anosimudzirwa, anotarisa-kutarisa of Art Deco. Uye kunyange zvazvo zvainge zvakarongedzwa kuchengetedza nguva yekubudirira kusina kukwana, Art Deco inotonga semhando yakanakisisa yekugadzirisa yevanhu vatsva vemauto yevashandi vatsva yakanonoka nekutanga kweHurumende Kuwedzerwa muna 1930 uye yakaunza kukwana kwakakwana nekuputika yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri.
05 of 09
Hondo Yenyika II, Modernism & Democratic Design
Kuongorora Kana WWI ikaratidza pachena kuputika muhutano hwehutano hwevanhu veEurope nevakuru uye vanhu vane hutano hwakanaka, WWII yakavadziura yakazaruka. Zvinopfuura humwe umambo hwakanga huri matongo uye kunyange masimba eEurope aizorwisana kwemakumi emakore kuti abate pane zvakakonzerwa zvakashata zveColoni muAfrica, South America neAsia, mazuva iwayo akaverengwawo. Maonero efilosofi eEurope ane chokuita neunyanzvi uye hurumende yaive kuchinjawo, uye kuchinja ikoko kwakaratidzwa pachena mumapuranga epamba.
Kusvika pano, zvinangwa zvemukati wekugadzira kunyange textile, firati nemapuraneti zvakagadzirwa, nenzira yakazara, yakanyatsosimbiswa. Zvingave muArt Deco, Art Nouveau, kana imwe yemhando dzakapfuura, runako mumusha chaive chirongwa cheavo vanogona kuchiwana. Kuyera kwekuoma kunzwisisa kana kumira mumugadziro kwaiva kuratidzika kwakananga pamusoro pemaitiro ehupenyu hweimba yeimba uye zvakakura kudai nguva dzose zvaireva zviri nani. Zvisinei izvo zvakatanga kuchinja mushure mehondo uye Modernism izvo zvakatanga muchikamu neArt Nouveau vakatanga kutora mafomu matsva.
06 of 09
Zuva Idzva KuEuropean Design
Chido Chokufuridzira Hazvisi zvakaoma kufungidzira maitiro akapararira mumakore makumi mana ekupedzisira uye kutanga kwema50s kuti hondo mbiri dzenyika muhafu imwechete yezana remakore aiva uchapupu hwekuti vanhu vaiva, muchikamu chikuru, vachiita chimwe chinhu chakaipa. Kufanana nevanhu vari mumamwe mararamiro akawanda ehupenyu mushure meHondo Yenyika II, "nyika yakagadzirwa yaitsvaga mishonga ye [hutongi hwemhirizhonga, hunomiririrwa mukugadzirwa ne] International Style, iyo-yeBauhaus-yaibatanidzwa nevekuGermany." Sangano rezvematongerwo enyika rezvematongerwo enyika raive richikurira kuburikidza neEurope uye mukugadzira vakawana maitiro ekudzosa magungano akare pamusoro pekunakidza uye chimiro. Kutenda kutsva kwakabva kwaitika kuti kunaka kwakambochengeterwa vapfumi uye kushanda kunodiwa nevanhu vazhinji kunogona kusanganiswa, uye kuti michina yakadaro inofanira kuva yakakwana kune vose. Panguva imwecheteyo, makore ekutevera WWII akaona nyika dzeScandinavia kubatana pamwe chete. Izvi zvaive zvakanyatsoitika munzvimbo yekugadzirwa, chisarudzo chakaitwa kuburikidza nehuwandu hwemakore makumi mana e1940 misangano yakaitwa mumaguta akasiyana-siyana eScandinavia.
07 of 09
Kugadzira muScandinavia
Kuda Izvo Iyi nzira itsva yekugadzirisa, kubatanidza kunaka, nyore uye kushanda kwakagadzirirwa zvakananga kusimudzira huwandu hwakareba hweScandinavian yakagadzirwa. Chokutanga pakati pazvo chaiva chido chekushanda. Nzvimbo dzakashata dzomuodzanyemba kweEurope, kunyanya munguva dzechando, dzave dzakatora nguva yakareba maScandinavians kuti awane mukana wepamusoro pamusoro pekushongedza uye nyore zvingatevedza zvakasikwa sechikamu chechiyero ichocho. Kunyange zvakadaro kushanda kwave kuriwo kusimbiswa kwakasimba kwesangano reBauhaus rakanga rave rine simba kwenguva yakati muScandinavia masvingo.
Kunyangwe kuumbwa kweScandinavia yakarongeka yekugadzirwa kwemazuva ano kwakatanga mumakore makumi mana, kwakange kusati kwatanga kusvika kuma1950 iyo yakatanga kuumbwa senhengo inozivikanwa. Imwe yematanho makuru ekutanga ndiyo yekugadzwa kweMunning Prize, yakatumidzwa kuti Frederik Lunning, mutengesi weNew York anonyanya kushandiswa weDanish michina. Mubayiro, waionekwa sekuti, "Nobel Prize 'yeScandinavian Design," yakapiwa kwekutanga kokutanga muna 1951 uye gore rose rakatevera kusvika 1970. Nguva pfupi mushure mekugadzwa kwemubayiro Scandinavia yakagadzirirwa yakawana rimwe remakwikwi aro akasimba zvikuru mumutambo weThe House Beautiful magazine, Elizabeth Gordon. Mumwe anotsvaga zvinonaka uye ane chikwata chakakura, Gordon, "akataura shanduro yeScandinavia seimwe nzira yeNazi-nguva yekugadzira fascism: democracy, yakasikwa, yakashata, yepedyo, uye yakatarisa kumba uye mhuri, kwete State." Muna 1954, Gordon akaronga Chigadzirwa muScandinavia , chiratidziro chekufambira chezvinhu zvakanakisisa izvo nyika dzakabatana dzaifanira kupa. Kwemakore matatu chiratiro chakashanyira maguta muUnited States neKanada isati yasvika pakuvhara muna 1957.
08 of 09
Shanduro yeScandinavian In Interiors
The Little Design Corner Nenguva Yakagadzirwa muScandinavia yakagumisa kupera kwayo, Shanduro yeScandinavia yakanga iri chinhu chinozivikanwa pasi rose, icho chaiva nechokutevera chakasimba muU.S. Kunyangwe kufarira kwacho kwakazoparara pakati pema1960 ne1980, chinangwa chekusimudzira kwakaratidza kunonoka kwema 90 uye kutanga kwema2000 kwave kufema hupenyu hutsva mukufamba. Dzimba dzakagadzirwa muScandinavia sezvatinozviziva nhasi tinowanzozvirumbidza masvingo machena kuti titsigire chiedza, kusatsigira-rinorema maruva palette nemapu emarara, mavara akangoita sehuni nematombo, kushaiwa kwemafasiteti emawindo nemakateti, uye nyore, hapana-fuss masangano anosimbisa an elegantly minimalist aesthetic.
Iyi nzvimbo ndiyo epitome yeScandinavia-yakagadzirirwa nzvimbo. Iyo huni isina chinhu pasi nechigaro chetsoka, tafura nemiti zvinounza mupfungwa yenyika yekunze iyo inonyanya kukosha kune chirevo ichi. Panguva imwechete iyo yakavezwa peprick brick masvingo inowedzera yakaoma mavara asi ichiita kuti chiedza chibudirire kuburikidza nemusuo mukuru wegirazi regirazi. Izvo zvigaro uye chiedza zvinowanzobva mumakore ekumazana emakore ekumazana emazuva ano zvakakanganiswa zvikuru nekuonekwa kweScandinavia kuronga pasi pose mukutanga kwema50s. Zvizhinji zvegadziriro dzose, kunyange nzvimbo duku, hazvina kuchena uye zviri nyore, zvichipa nzvimbo yose kunzwa kwakanaka kunonzi Hygge ("hoo-gah"), iyo inangwa yeimwe nzvimbo yeScandinavian-style.
09 of 09
Shanduro yeScandinavian muSimba
Culture Nordic Mukuwedzera pakuumba nzira iyo yatinogadzira makamuri edu, Scandinavian kugadzirwa inozivikanwa nokuda kwezvipo zvakawanda zvekugadzirisa samani, iyo inogona kuve yakave iyo inhaka yekusingaperi. Mushure mezvose, misha shoma dzeAmerica dzakakwana pasina rwendo rweKEA. Uye chidimbu chezvidimbu zvakadai sachigaro cheAlvar Aalto uye Arne Jacobson's Egg , Drop, uye Swan zvigaro zvinoramba zvichiratidzwa kusvikira nhasi. Ichi chifananidzo chinoratidza huwandu hwemaumbirwo uye maitiro akabva makore zana eScandinavia sachigaro mazano uye anotipa chikonzero chakawanda chekutarisira kune zana mamwe.